23 février 1941

1674 : chutes de neige de mars, duré 13 jours, décrites comme « les treize jours de dérive ». La plupart des moutons ont péri, malheureusement.

1676 : juin exceptionnellement chaud (notez la corrélation avec 1976 ! lol)

1677 : la Tamise a gelé, à nouveau ! Devenir un événement régulier.

1680-81 : L'hiver est rigoureux, avec beaucoup de vents d'Est. Les Easterlies ont apporté de l'air sec.

1683-84 : Maintenant, quand les gens pensent à « The Big One » en termes d'hivers, ils pensent à 1947, 1963, etc. Mais il y a eu un hiver qui a facilement dépassé les deux ! Cet hiver! À la mi-décembre, le « grand gel » a commencé au Royaume-Uni et en Europe centrale. La Tamise a été gelée jusqu'au pont de Londres au début de janvier 1684. Le gel a été prétendu être le plus long jamais enregistré, et l'a probablement été. Cela a duré en gardant la Tamise gelée pendant 2 mois, elle a gelé jusqu'à 11 pouces de profondeur. Près de Manchester, le sol avait gelé à 27 pouces, et à Somerset, à un étonnant 4 pieds ! Cet hiver a été le plus froid de la série CET, à -1,2 ! (1739-40 était de -0,4) Cet hiver a été décrit par R.D. Blackmore, dans son livre 'Lorna Doone'. À la mi-février, il y a eu un dégel.

1688-89 : Gelées longues et sévères, la Tamise gèle.

1690-99 : 6 hivers sur 10 de cette période ont été décrits comme rigoureux, à en juger par leur TEC. Ce qui signifie que leurs températures moyennes pour décembre, janvier, février et mars étaient inférieures à 3 °C. 1694-95 annonçait de la neige profonde, avec des chutes de neige continuelles affectant Londres. Cela a duré 5 semaines, avec le gel de la Tamise. Ce thème de neige lourde et de givre s'est poursuivi pendant un bon moment. En fait, on pense que 1695 a été l'une des années les plus froides jamais enregistrées, le sévère hiver neigeux s'est terminé vers la mi-avril, date à laquelle la glace de mer arctique s'était étendue sur toute la côte islandaise ! 1695-96 a vu -23c (?) au Royaume-Uni. Un hiver rigoureux. L'automne 1697 fut très froid, avec de la neige persistante et de la glace se formant. L'hiver 1697-98 fut rigoureux, avec un CET d'environ 1c. La neige et la glace se sont accumulées. Glace sur les côtes accumulées jusqu'à 8 pouces dans certaines parties. Printemps très froid. En général, la fin des années 1600 était très froide, et les gens ont probablement été très durement touchés par cela. Le froid a probablement apporté la famine aux pauvres, car le bétail a péri et les récoltes ont échoué. Et sans chauffage central, cela a dû être insupportable par endroits. Le "Petit âge glaciaire" porte bien son nom. Les dernières années n'ont pas été aussi mauvaises, mais les récoltes ont été encore gâchées en général car le temps humide a remplacé le froid.

Les années 1600 étaient généralement une période d'hivers rigoureux et rigoureux et de printemps/étés frais/humides. À certains endroits, la Tamise a été gelée pendant des mois, même si je pense qu'elle aurait été plus large (?) et moins profonde (?) donc plus facile à geler lorsque les températures étaient correctes.

Nouveau siècle, modèle similaire..

Novembre 1703 : une « grande tempête » en Angleterre, bien que considérée comme la pire du livre des records, je ne souhaite pas rechercher d'informations à son sujet, car aucune chute de neige n'en est venue !

1708 : le printemps, l'été et l'automne les plus froids depuis 47 ans, à part 1698 ! (voir partie 2)

1708-09 : Hiver rigoureux, le gel a duré plus de 3 mois ! Les températures ont chuté à -18c. La Tamise a gelé à Londres, encore une fois ! Hiver rigoureux selon les valeurs CET (1.2c).

1715-16 : la Tamise gelée pendant 2 mois, une foire aux gelées a eu lieu. La glace sur la Tamise à Londres s'est soulevée d'environ 15 pieds par une marée montante mais est restée intacte ! La glace devait être étonnamment solide.

1728-1729 : hiver rigoureux, gelée et neige durent au moins un mois. Printemps très frais.

1731 : Très sec, après une 'grande gelée' en début d'année. Première période très froide de l'année, avec beaucoup de neige et de glace. Londres a enregistré -18c. Un été chaud. Cette année ressemble de très près à 2003, très sèche avec un minimum de -18 enregistré à Londres (-18c enregistré à Aviemore en janvier cette année ? (2003)) suivi d'un été chaud (le nôtre a été chaud à 100F atteint et dépassé) Mais les similitudes sont évidents, surtout du côté de la sécheresse.

1739 : octobre, vent d'Est annonciateur de gelées. Le début d'un autre 'Big One!'.

1739-40 : Hiver rigoureux, l'un des pires. Peut-être pire que celle de 1715 (?). Fin décembre, un fort coup de vent d'Est s'est installé, apportant de l'air très froid sur le Royaume-Uni. De la glace s'est formée sur la Tamise, encore une fois. Les rues étaient bloquées par la glace et la neige, ce qui rendait les déplacements dangereux. La Tamise est restée gelée pendant environ 8 semaines (?). Certains rapports indiquent que cet hiver a été le plus rigoureux jamais enregistré, avec des températures tombant à -24 °C début janvier (1995 l'a battu et détient le record des minima les plus froids jamais enregistrés au Royaume-Uni). Le coup de vent d'est a persisté, la neige et le gel devenant un danger croissant pour tous. Des vents de nord ont également démarré, très forts par endroits, avec à nouveau de la neige et de la glace. Cet hiver peut être considéré comme l'un des plus rigoureux de tous les temps (depuis le début des records).

1740 : octobre le plus froid jamais enregistré, avec de la glace déjà formée en partie. 1740 était très froid dans l'ensemble, le printemps était aussi froid.

1742 : Glace dans la Tamise, à nouveau très froide.

1748 : Fortes gelées en novembre à Londres et dans le Sud.

1749 : Fortes gelées en novembre, toujours dans le Sud et à Londres.

1762 : La neige tombe tôt (fin octobre) à Londres et dans le Sud.

1762-1763 : Des gelées intenses et de forts vents d'Est ont prévalu du jour de Noël jusqu'en janvier à Londres et dans le sud.

1765-1766 : Hiver rigoureux, le froid persiste dès le début (novembre) jusqu'en février.

Début 1767 et 1768 : Commencé par des gelées comparables à celle de 1739-40.

1768 : Janvier a vu de fortes gelées et de la neige épaisse.

1770 : Chutes de neige tardives (mai) dans le Sud.

1775-1776 : Hiver rigoureux. De début janvier à début février, une grande partie du Royaume-Uni et de l'Europe était très froide. La Tamise a gelé. Un mois de février orageux a suivi.

1779-80 : Hiver rigoureux. L'hiver le plus froid de la série à Édimbourg (série de 1764-65 à 1962-63)

1783-86 : Deux hivers rigoureux successifs. La Tamise a complètement gelé dans les deux cas, le gel presque continu a duré du début à la fin de l'hiver. La neige est restée jusqu'à 4 mois. Attribué à une éruption volcanique islandaise, bien que les détails à ce sujet soient minces. De fortes chutes de neige sont également tombées au début des deux années, la neige tombant dès octobre. 1784 fut une année froide en général. De la neige fondue a été enregistrée près de la côte du Moray Firth en août ! De fortes chutes de neige sont tombées dans le sud en octobre. L'année a été classée dans le top 10 des années les plus froides enregistrées dans la série CET. 1785 a été très sec et froid, avec à nouveau des neiges précoces en octobre. 1786 a eu un été très sec et un froid persistant de septembre à novembre.

1788-89 : Gelée longue de fin novembre à début janvier. La Tamise a complètement gelé et une « foire de frsot » s'y est tenue.

1794-95 : Hiver exceptionnellement rigoureux. Le froid commence la veille de Noël et dure jusqu'à fin mars, avec quelques pauses temporaires. Janvier a été particulièrement froid, avec un CET de 0,8c. C'était le mois de janvier le plus froid de l'ère instrumentale, à partir de 1659. La Severn et la Tamise se figèrent et les « Frost Fairs » recommençaient. Une température extrêmement amère de -21c a été enregistrée à Londres, le 25 janvier. Début février, il y a eu un dégel rapide, mais seulement temporaire. Des inondations s'ensuivirent. Le froid intense est revenu un peu plus tard (mi-février) et s'est poursuivi jusqu'en mars. De nombreux épisodes de neige ont été enregistrés. L'hiver a été anticyclonique (dominée par les hautes pressions) et les vents d'est ont été dominants partout. En Écosse, c'était le septième plus froid à Édimbourg, dans la série 1764/65 1962/63. (le plus froid 1779/80). L'hiver a été mémorable pour tous.

1796 : décembre est rude, avec des gelées à Londres et ailleurs. -21c a été enregistré à Londres, tout comme -19c.

1798-99 : De fortes gelées ont duré de fin décembre à début janvier à Londres et dans le sud. De fortes chutes de neige ont été enregistrées, en particulier dans le nord-est de l'Écosse, où les transports ont été perturbés pendant un certain temps.

1799 : Le printemps était très froid et a été enregistré comme étant très froid dans la série CET.

Une chose que j'ai remarquée à propos des années 1700, ce sont leurs hivers dominés par l'Est. L'hiver dernier, nous l'avons vu à plus petite échelle ici au Royaume-Uni. La plupart des enregistrements provenaient de Londres à l'époque, et les détails si répandus n'étaient pas disponibles. Si c'était le cas, je pense que les zones rurales du centre et du nord auraient pu voir des minimums et des maximums très froids, possibles jusqu'au milieu des années 20 ci-dessous, comme celui de 1995. Une configuration comme celle de 1794-95 pourrait se reproduire bientôt si High La pression s'installe au Groenland et en Scandinavie. Une chose à surveiller dans l'hiver à venir, même si un hiver à la même échelle que 1794-95 est très peu probable, car il était extrême, même pour le «Petit âge glaciaire»!

Nouveau siècle! De gros hivers ce siècle

1811 : un début tardif pour les hivers rigoureux des années 1800, mais janvier 1811 a vu la Tamise geler, une fois de plus !

1812 : Un an plus tard, et mars cette fois. 1 mètre de neige est tombé en Écosse, autour de la ville d'Édimbourg (je pense qu'Édimbourg et Londres ont eu le plus grand nombre d'enregistrements météorologiques au Royaume-Uni en raison de leur fréquence d'enregistrement des données), suivi d'une dérive dans une force de coup de vent du nord-est !

1813-1814 : J'avais entendu parler de peu d'hivers des années 1800 il y a environ 3 ou 4 ans, mais celui-ci, j'en avais entendu parler en raison de son froid intense. L'un des 4/5 hivers les plus froids de la série CET. Les hivers les plus froids inclus : 1962-63 (voir partie 1739-40 (voir partie 3) et le plus froid, 1683-84 (voir partie 2) 'Lorna Doone'. Un hiver mémorable dans l'ensemble. De janvier à mars a été très froid. Janvier a eu un CET de -2,9 (troisième plus froid depuis le début des records ?) L'année suivante comparable en termes de temps froid étant 1962-63. Le tronçon de marée de la Tamise a gelé pour la dernière fois, l'ancien pont de Londres a été supprimé et d'autres facteurs ont contribué à augmenter les rivières coulent, empêchant la formation de glace à nouveau. Si c'était le même maintenant qu'à l'époque, nous le verrions encore geler. Une foire du gel a eu lieu sur la Tamise, peut-être la dernière « grande ». Le gel a commencé en Fin décembre, à l'approche du nouvel an. Un épais brouillard est venu avec le gel, comme c'était courant à Londres à l'époque. Probablement l'un des hivers les plus enneigés des 300 dernières années, bien que 1947 ait probablement été plus enneigé. De fortes chutes de neige sont tombées pendant 2 -3 jours début janvier, avant un dégel temporaire de 1 jour.Puis le gel vient de revenir, peut-être plus sévère que l'être en raison de la couverture neigeuse, et a persisté jusqu'au début de février. Un dégel a suivi plus tard et la glace flottant sur la rivière a endommagé les navires. Le brouillard était également un danger et a mis beaucoup de temps à se dissiper, de fin décembre à début janvier, un événement inhabituel. La visibilité était parfois réduite à 20 mètres! La circulation ne bougeait guère et les déplacements devenaient très dangereux. Le brouillard s'est dissipé à la suite d'un coup de vent du nord au début de janvier, lorsque de fortes chutes de neige sont tombées. Un hiver rigoureux et très enneigé.

1816 : Connue comme l'année sans été, la neige est tombée très tard et l'été ne s'est jamais rétabli. L'hiver qui s'ensuivit fut rigoureux. Une éruption volcanique (Tambora : Indes orientales) a considérablement perturbé les régimes de vent et les températures, affectant la trajectoire des dépressions, qui se sont dirigées plus au sud que d'habitude, et rendant le Royaume-Uni très froid et humide pour l'été et au-delà. L'Ecosse était cependant plus sèche, signe évident que les dépressions ont changé de voie. En septembre, la Tamise avait gelé ! Les congères sont restées sur les collines jusqu'à fin juillet !

1819-20 : hiver rigoureux. -23c a été enregistré à Tunbridge Wells, bien qu'aucun détail d'exposition ne soit évident.

1821 : Fin mai, il neige à Londres, probablement les dernières chutes de neige jusqu'au 2 juin 1975.

1822-1823 : hiver rigoureux, glace sur la Tamise fin décembre. Le 8 février a vu une grande tempête de neige dans le nord de l'Angleterre. Les gens devaient creuser un tunnel dans la neige.

1825 : La neige tombe en octobre à Londres. Une période très venteuse, avec des coups de vent qui font des dégâts.

1829 : Une année froide. Gelée continue tout le mois de janvier. L'été a été humide et assez froid. Plus d'un pouce de neige est tombé début octobre, bien que ce ne soit pas certain, probablement à Londres. 6 pouces sont tombés à Londres et dans le Sud fin novembre. Les coups de vent du nord et de l'est endommagent les navires et en perdent quelques-uns.

1829-30 : hiver rigoureux. Gel continu du 23 au 31 décembre, du 12 au 19 janvier et du 31 janvier au 6 février. Glace sur la Tamise de fin décembre à fin janvier. Certains endroits complètement bloqués. Le 25 décembre 1830 était froid, avec -12c enregistré à Greenwich.

1834-38 : Hiver neigeux en Ecosse. La neige a duré jusqu'en mars, avec 8 ou 9 pieds de neige signalés par endroits! Cette tendance s'est poursuivie pendant plusieurs hivers, avec beaucoup de neige en Écosse. Du début de l'hiver, décembre, à la fin de l'hiver, mars, la neige était un problème. Il y avait des accumulations considérables, devenant communes tout au long de l'hiver. La neige est tombée largement, mais surtout dans le nord de l'Écosse, où les accumulations ont été très importantes, jusqu'en avril. 1836-37 fut un autre hiver enneigé dans la série, avec de fortes chutes de neige en janvier. Les blizzards ont commencé fin février et ont duré jusqu'en mars. Le transport a été gravement perturbé et la récolte endommagée par les fortes gelées. Cette série d'hivers était sévère et notable, surtout pour l'Écosse, mais très mauvaise ailleurs aussi. La plus notable des tempêtes de neige étant :

Octobre 1836, la neige a atteint des profondeurs de 5 à 6 pouces, ce qui est très inhabituel.

Le 25 décembre 1836, les routes étaient impraticables, les épaisseurs de neige atteignaient 5 à 15 pieds à de nombreux endroits, et le plus étonnant, des congères de 20 à 50 pieds.

1837-38 : l'hiver de Murphy. Patrick Murphy a gagné la gloire et une petite fortune grâce à la vente d'un almanach dans lequel il a prédit le gel sévère de janvier 1838 (une période glaciale de 2 mois s'est installée avec un vent léger de SE et une belle journée avec du givre le 7 (ou le 8) janvier) (extrait d'une page Web). Le 20 janvier a vu des températures aussi basses que -16c à Londres, acceptées comme les plus froides enregistrées ici du 19ème siècle. -20 enregistré à Blackheath, et -26c à Beckenham, Kent. La température à Greenwich était de -11c à midi. La Tamise a gelé.

1838 : Averses de neige le 13 octobre, peut-être à Londres et dans le Sud.

1849 : avril, une grande tempête de neige frappe le sud de l'Angleterre. Des entraîneurs ensevelis dans des galeries. Notamment des chutes de neige tardives.

1851-53 : Le premier de ces hivers a vu de fortes chutes de neige en Ecosse. Le nord de l'Écosse a vu la première des fortes chutes de neige. Le chemin de fer d'Aberdeen au sud a été gravement touché, mais a été maintenu ouvert. Les blizzards ont fait des morts. Les orages se sont arrêtés vers la fin janvier. 1852-1853 fut également sévère, particulièrement sévère en février cependant. Les basses températures et les fortes chutes de neige ont duré jusqu'en mars pour la plupart.

Merci au catalogue Bonacina snowfall, pour ses informations ! Excellente ressource. Maintenant pour continuer.

1875-76 : Hiver étonnamment neigeux pour le Royaume-Uni, en particulier le Sud-Est au début, la première semaine de décembre a déversé 1 à 2 pieds à certains endroits, pire dans le Sud-Est. Mars de ce mois a connu de nombreuses tempêtes de neige et avril a enregistré près de 2 pieds de neige dans les Midlands ! Des chutes de neige ont été enregistrées (à une échelle notable), en novembre, décembre, janvier, février, mars, avril et mai ! Je considérerais cet hiver comme très enneigé.

1878-79 : Encore une neige ! Au nord, l'enneigement est resté 3 mois ! Neige enregistrée en novembre, décembre, janvier, février, mars et avril ! Très enneigé

1880-81 : Maintenant, je n'ai pas ajouté celui-ci pour l'énorme volume de neige qu'il a enregistré (ce n'était pas le cas, même s'il neigeait encore !) J'ai ajouté ceci, à cause des premières chutes de neige ! 6 pouces de neige sont tombés en octobre à Londres ! En janvier, 3 pieds de neige plate sont tombés de l'est du Devon à l'île de Wight ! Il y avait des dérives de 10 pieds à Evesham et Dartmoor a enregistré 4 pieds. Très enneigé

Fait intéressant, 1881-82 n'était pas du tout enneigé !

1885-1886 : La neige tombe en octobre, novembre, décembre, janvier, février, mars, avril et mai ! Londres a enregistré 1 pied de neige en 7 heures début janvier. Dans le nord, un blizzard a déversé 2 pieds de neige largement, et en mai, le nord de l'Angleterre a subi une forte chute. Très enneigé

1878-80 : 2 pieds de neige sont tombés à Oxford en octobre ! Un blizzard féroce a fait rage dans le nord-est en mars. Le 10 juin a vu de la neige en Ecosse, de 6 pouces ! Le 11 juillet aurait vu de la neige dans le sud et l'est, Keswick aurait vu de la neige au-dessus de 1000 pieds.

De 1895 à 99, le Royaume-Uni a connu 4 années consécutives de chutes de neige faibles/moyennes, dont la seule chute notable était de 1 pied dans la colonne vertébrale orientale du pays. 1899-00 a vu de la neige générale de 1 pied, 2 pieds par endroits. L'année suivante n'a pas été exceptionnelle non plus, même si 5 à 7 pieds de neige ont été enregistrés dans le nord du Pays de Galles et le nord de l'Angleterre. Les deux années ont été enneigées.

Nouveau siècle, quelques hivers très célèbres ici.

De 1901 à 07, les chutes de neige n'étaient à nouveau que faibles/moyennes, passant plus qu'une ressemblance avec les années 90. Quelques fortes chutes ont cependant été enregistrées.

1907-08 : Norfolk et Suffolk ont ​​enregistré 1 pied de neige le 23 avril, Berkshire, Oxfordshire et Hertfordshire ont enregistré 1 à 2 pieds, environ 2 jours plus tard. 1908-09 : Pratiquement la même que l'année précédente, à la fois enneigée, avec 08-09 enregistrant jusqu'à 2 pieds de neige dans le sud-est de l'Angleterre en mars, et auparavant, une grande période de neige en février, affectant pratiquement partout !

Dans l'ensemble, le milieu des années 1800 était très enneigé (la petite ère glaciaire se terminant), mais plus la fin du siècle approchait, plus les chutes de neige augmentaient, jusqu'au début des années 1900, elles étaient faibles ou moyennes, imitant les années 90. Il semble que la fin et le début des siècles enregistrent peu de neige, alors que les deux quarts du milieu en reçoivent beaucoup. Le modèle continue. 1909-15 a enregistré des chutes de neige faibles ou moyennes, rien de vraiment marquant, à part quelques chutes jusqu'à 2,5 pieds, mais aucune cohérence réelle dans les périodes froides / neigeuses. Londres est repartie avec pratiquement aucune chute de neige en 1912-13, alors que le nord de la Grande-Bretagne était assez enneigé. Cette décennie était loin d'être bonne pour les amoureux de la neige ! Je parie qu'ils ont recommencé à parler de plus de neige pour le Royaume-Uni, comme nous le faisons maintenant. Montre à quel point ils avaient tort.
La sécheresse de la neige a pris fin brusquement en 1916, avec d'énormes chutes de neige dans les montagnes, 10 pieds dans les Pennines, les Black Mountains et le High Peak District. Plusieurs chutes de neige générales enregistrées. Une année très enneigée.

1916-17 : émulé de belles années enneigées. Les Midlands et le sud-ouest ont enregistré de grandes chutes allant jusqu'à 14 pouces, et dans le sud et l'ouest de l'Irlande, Cheviot Blizzard a eu lieu. Les Highlands ont également vu beaucoup de neige cette année. Une année très enneigée.

1917-18 a été moyenne, tandis que 1918-20 a vu de la neige profonde à Londres à deux reprises, une chute de 9 pouces. L'Écosse a également enregistré d'importantes chutes, tout comme les Midlands et le nord de l'Angleterre. Septembre a vu de la neige à Dartmoor ! Une période neigeuse.

1920-23 étaient peu ou moyen. 1 pied de neige est tombé à Plymouth et dans le sud de l'Angleterre a vu 6 pouces + répandu. Il y a eu un blizzard en Écosse, dans le nord et l'ouest de l'Angleterre, dans le sud du Pays de Galles (youpi !) et dans le sud-ouest de l'Angleterre fin mars.

1923-24 : peu de neige dans le Sud-Ouest, mais Braemar en Ecosse a vu 2,5 pieds de neige en novembre ! Il y avait de la neige le jour de mon anniversaire (9 janvier) à Londres et fin février en Écosse. Une année enneigée.

1925-26: Late November saw snow in London, East Anglia, and North East England, Norwich recording 7 inches. There was also notable snow in mid January, and also mid May in the Cotswolds! Snowy.

1927-28: Snow fell mid December in England and Wales, and on Christmas day through Boxing day, a blizzard raged in Southern England, from Kent to Cornwall. 1-2ft of snow fell, with 20ft drifts on Salisbury Plain! Christmas day must have been phenomenal! Snow fell mid March in the East. Very Snowy.

1928-29: A lot of snow fell in the West late December, again the West fared best in mid February, with Wales and the West Midlands getting it good! 6ft fell in 15hrs on Dartmoor ( Holne Chase ) mid February. Snowy.

1930-31: February opened well, with 2ft of Snow in Northern England and Scotland, and later on snow fell generally ( early March ) with 18 inches falling on Orkney. Snowy.

1931-32: Little snow. In fact probably Scotland's most snowless winter in memory! No real snow to note.

1932-33: Late October, snow fell in Scotland, an early start to the skiing season! Late February there was a Great Blizzard, for Ireland, Wales, South West England, Northern England, and the Midlands. Whipsnade recorded 2ft of snow, Harrogate and Huddersfield 30 inches, Buxton 28 inches! Very Snowy.

1936-37: Early December saw snow in Scotland, predominantly the North. Late February saw the next big snowfall, with a blizzard in many parts, 1ft recorded in Northern England and Scotland. Early March saw snow for Southern England. A blizzard swept through the whole northern portion of the UK in mid March. Snowy.

1937-42: These years were all snowy, with numerous falls of 1-2ft, and occasional falls (such as 194-41) in which snow depths of up to 16 foot (drifts) were recorded. Places worst affected by this mini outbreak of snowy winters were Scotland and Northern England, but the South was also quite badly affected, more particularly the South West and Wales. 1939-40 saw the supposed 'blizzard of the decade' in Scotland and England when in late January snow fell widely, excluding only some areas. The snowy period ended in 1942-43, when little snow was recorded the next 2 winters.

1944-45: Mid December saw snow in Western Scotland, although the amount isn't clear. In the first half of January, snow reached a depth of 2ft in Bellingham. Late January saw South Wales, and South West England bear the brunt (yippee!) with 1-2ft falling in this area, Cardiff seeing an amazing 30inches! Northern England and Southern Scotland also saw some snow late January, although again, details are sketchy. Very snowy.

1946-47: The year you've most probably been waiting for! One of the snowiest winters to date, probably the worst since 1814 (see part 5). Snow fell on the 19th December in Southern England. Then there was a notable mild spell, extremely mild in parts, with 14c being reached by day. Then from the 22nd January, it began! There was continuous snow cover from this date, right up till 17th March! Late January saw 7 inches of snow in South West England and the Scilly Isles (unusual). Early February saw the turn of the Midlands (Southern) and East Anglia, while Northern England, North Wales and Eastern Scotland saw snow in late February. In early March there was a blizzard in England and Wales, with 1ft widely, and 5ft accumulated on the hills! 12th March saw snow for the Border Country. 1946-47 was strange, because it started up late, and lasted a long time. I think 2003-04 will mirror 1947 in lots of ways, mainly in terms of snowfall, but not so extreme and long lasting. Very snowy.

1947-50: Little or average snowfall, although some large falls of up to 12 inches.

1950-51: The year my mum was born (1951), and a big weather event also took place! This winter will be remembered as the snowiest winter of last century at high levels. There were 102 days of lying snow at Dalwhinnie (1000ft) (83 days reputedly in 1946-47) 15th December saw 15 inches of snow In Shanklin, IOW, in 3.5 hours! Bournemouth saw 10 inches, Scarborough and Lowestoft, 14 inches. Snowy.

1951-54: Average years in terms of snowfall, though one noteworthy fall of 1ft in Wales and the Southern Midlands ( late November ) with drifts of 30 feet. Some other falls of 12 inches at the end of this period.

1954-56: 2 snowy winters, Aberdeen seeing 2ft of the white stuff in December 1954. Early January 1955 seeing general snow of about 4-12 inches. Mid January was snowy as well, with falls of 5ft in Blackpool, Lancashire, and Yorkshire (drifts). Northern Scotland and North East England also seeing large falls, of up to 2 feet. February was generally snowy, although especially in Northern Scotland. Mid May saw snow in the high Pennine regions. December 1955 saw frequent blizzards, affecting Scotland most. The East and North snowiest generally, with Scotland faring the best overall. Snowy.

1957-58: Shoeburyness seeing 23 inches this winter! Snowy. The build up to 1962-63 saw little or average snow though.

1961-62: The year proceeding the 'big' one. Snow in the Christmas week, widespread with London and the South East seeing 6 inches (very similar to last year). Early January in the Midlands saw 14 inches of snow. Snow in March also, especially Scotland, but 10 inches recorded in Jersey! Moyenne.

1962-63: A famous winter.Very cold. Mid November saw snow in the South West. Late December (commensing Boxing Day: the start of the bitter cold) saw blizzards in Southern England. London had 12 inches of drifting snow. January and February had widespread falls, especially Devon and North East England with 2ft. Very Snowy. My mum, 12 at the time, and dad, 11, keep telling me stories of how long they were away from school for. The snow in Hampshire was supposedly as deep as the hedgerows were high! People managed to walk on the tops of the frozen shrubbery, rather than risk driving through the deep snow! An amazing winter.

1965-66: The second half of November saw snow in most areas. The next lot came a bit later, late January, in Eastern parts. February, the turn of the North East. April was surprising though, as heavy falls were recorded, exceptionally heavy in parts of Northern England, where up to 1 foot was found! Mid April saw more snow, with 5 inches in the South. Quite remarkable late falls, but other than that, not a spectacular winter as that of 62-63! Still regarded as snowy though I would say.

1968-70: The first of these 2 winters saw snow in late December, around the New Year, in Eastern Scotland and England. Eastern Yorkshire saw a massive 16 inches! Mid February saw more snow, this time more to the West, with England and Wales seeing the most. Mid March saw more in the Pennines, and a TV mast fell down. 69-70 saw snow for Northern England, North Wales, and Scotland in mid November. Mid December saw snow for the North again. Mid February, most parts, and early March, snow in Wales and England, with the Midlands getting 12 inches.

1970-76: Little snow for 6 winters! Ring any bells?! Very similar pattern to the 90s-early 00s, ending the snow drought with a hot summer (76 / 03!) when the snow returned for 1976.

1976-77: Heavy wet snow fell in early December, mid December, and mid January. Mid January also saw some good coverings though, up to 6 inches lying at times.

1977-78: Mid January, 6 foot drifts! A week later, and 4 inches fell. Mid February saw 4 inches also. Late January, heavy snow in Scotland, drifting, 28 inches falling in parts! Mid February (see above) was very snowy in the North East, East and South West. February 11th had 1 ft in Durham and Edinburgh. Feb. 15-16th South West England, blizzard with huge drifts, sounds like my cup of tea!

1978-79: The last really severe, snowy winter, for now anyway, and one my parents go on about! Late December falls of 6-7n inches in Southern Scotland and the North East started it off. It was very cold in parts. Mid February saw drifts of 6-7 feet on the East coast of England. Mid March had severe blizzards and drifting, in North Eastern England drifts reached a staggering 15 feet! Very snowy.

1981-82: Another one my parents go on about! Mid December, South West and Southern England seeing 12 inches. North East England getting 7 inches, with 6 foot drifts. 2 days later (20th December) Northern England got 7 inches, and 6 foot drifts. Mid January, there was general snow, with a cover of 1-2 feet in parts. Snowy, and very cold.

1984-85: Very cold and snowy, especially in Southern England. My parents also go on about this one, as they lived in Hampshire at the time, and my brother was born. It was a very cold winter. Early January, there was snow in Eastern England. Mid January, East Anglia and Kent getting the goods, with 6 inches falling here. Mid January, South West England and South Wales (yippee!). Late January seeing snow in Scotland, and the prone spots, such as Aviemore, getting 2ft of level snow, Northern Britain as a whole affected though. Mid February, Southern England, 6-12 inches, substantial drifting taking place. 29th March gave Scotland snow. A memorable year. Snowy.

I am going to summarise the past 20 years. The late 80s saw little snowfall, ranging from generally no snowfall : 1988-90 (a couple of terrible winters, like that of 1998-00, correlation there) to 12 inches (Scotland, late November 1985) the early 90s were different.

1990-91 saw 8 inches of snow in the Midlands in early December 1990, with 2 foot drifts in Derbyshire. In early January there was 1 foot of snowfall in Northern Scotland. In mid February there was general snowfall, with Bingley in Yorkshire seeing a whopping 20 inches!

1991-93 saw little or no snowfall though, a disappointment.

1993-96 weren't so bad though, with falls of up to 40cm in Leeds (January 25th 1995 I remember 1995 very well, it was a good year for snow, the coldest temperature since records began recorded in Braemar, Scotland) In 1993 there was a white Christmas in South Wales (yippee!) and Wessex. Before that, there was some snow for Scotland and Wales (6 inches 20th-24th December) and 4-8 inches of snow in late November for the Eastern spine of the UK. The IOW (Isle of Wight) to Lincolnshire saw 6 inches in early January. Mid February (1994) saw 4 inches in Northern England. Late February had 1ft of snow in Eastern Scotland. 1994-95 saw many falls of up to 40cm throughout the UK. I remember walking home from school in early march 1995 with a blizzard commensing, 15cm in total, we were off school for a week! As I said above, Leeds saw 40cm of snow in 3 hours in late January 1995! Late March also saw snow for the Northern half of England, 35cm widely here. 1995-96 saw snow on Christmas Eve/ Day in Scotland and the North East, with 35cm falling in the Shetlands. The end of January (South East) and early February (North West: Lancashire 13cm, 2 foot drifts) and also South West Scotland seeing some aswell. Mid February saw some more in the South, before some more to end the season in mid March (East).

1997-00, hardly any snow, 1999-00 virtually snowless, so not a very good end to the millenium, in terms of snowfall, anyway.

Into the current century, not much has passed yet of course, but what does the future hold?

2000-01:Not a bad year in terms of snow, especially for the North. Late December saw a general fall of around 4 inches, Glasgow and Belfast seeing 8 inches though. Mid January saw the next snow, this time affecting Central and Eastern areas. A few days later, and the Chilterns saw some of the white stuff. Early February, more snow, Eastern Scotland and North East England getting 12-18 inches over 300m! Pas mal! Aboyne getting a respectable 2ft! Late February the next fall, South East Scotland , N. Ireland and Northern England., getting it good, with Lanark recording a massive 2ft of snow! A pleasing year in terms of snowfall, certainly for the North anyway.

2001-02: Little snow, a disappointing year for me.

2002-03:A different winter, in that zonality wasn't persistantly there, in fact High Pressure easily dominated affairs after mid January. Some good snowfalls of up to 2 inches here in South Wales (200m asl) and the South East seeing quite a bit. London getting the most snow its seen for a good while. Easterly winds occasionally, brinign temperatures down a lot, with a very cold continent contributing. I recorded -15c windchill in early February! Scotland unlucky though, not seeing as much as 2000-01, Esterlies no the best wind direction for the North. A very dry winter overall, after early flooding in January. Astonishingly different to the 90s in terms of sunshine and rain totals. A good winter, although no where near snowy enough here in South Wales.

2003-04: Fairly good in terms of snowfall, in comparison to many recent Winters anyway. Snow fell as early as October in parts of Scotland, and there were a few flurries further South and some general sleet on October 22nd over high ground. Before Christmas, some snow fell 22nd, for parts of Scotland and Eastern England. Snow did fall elsewhere but it didn't really amount to much. On New Years Eve/Day wet snow fell for a time, particularly across Northern England and over high ground, where several cm's fell. In mid January snow fell fairly widely across mid Wales and the Midlands, with high ground in Powys recording upwards of 6 inches.Snow also fell across Northern England the next day, with over 6 inches in Northumberland. January 28th saw an almost countrywide blizzard, although very short, it left a few inches over parts of Southern England, particularly the East. Late February, and snow fell on 26th, 27th and 28th, mostly in the North and North East with showers giving 6 inches or more to sea level in NE Scotland and Eastern England, but on 27th Wales, Northern Ireland and SW England got over 6 inches in places, particularly over high ground and in Western Wales, where as much as 10 inches fell over high ground. 12th March saw as much as 10 inches of snow for parts of SW England and Wales, with some parts of South Wales seeing more, particularly over high ground. A fairly good Winter, not spectacular!

2004/05: Generally below average snow across the country, despite the cold spell in late February/March, and frequent westerly winds. There was a frontal snow event on 18 November, bringing accumulations to the Midlands in particular, and also snow showers in NE Scotland on the 18th and 19th. December was a westerly month but there was a cold north-westerly incursion on Christmas Day, bringing snow showers to the north and west, and a white Christmas for some.

Westerlies continued during January with the only notable snow event being another NW'ly incursion on the 18th, with big but brief snowstorms over Northern Ireland and south-west Scotland.

February was another fairly mild month with frequent anticyclonic north-westerly regimes. There was a northerly blast around the 13th, but as the Arctic was unusually warm, there was little in the way of snow however a rather more potent northerly occurred on the 19th/20th with snow showers in the northeast. The last third of February and early March had persistent easterly winds and snow showers, but generally limited accumulations on the ground. Inland parts of south-east Scotland, north-east England and Kent, however, often had significant accumulations. Overall this easterly spell disappointed many snow lovers.

2005/06: This winter was widely close to average snow-wise. A significant snow event affected south-west England on the 25th November with snow showers and local thunder, and accumulations even in places like Plymouth and Exeter. Snow also affected Scotland and the northeast but this turned to rain later in the day. Further snow on 28 November, especially affecting the Midlands and north-west England.

December was mostly sunny and fairly cold with high pressure there was a brief northerly on the 17th with snow showers for Norfolk, and a cold easterly on the 27th-29th brought many snow showers to eastern districts. Not much snow to speak of during January and February (the late February '06 easterly was even less potent than the Feb '05 one), but this changed into March. A northerly airstream during first week March brought snow showers for many, with 50cm in northeast Scotland and thundersnow widely reported around Aberdeen. More heavy snowfalls on the 12th March, which especially affected western Britain. Further snow in early April, with heavy snowstorm in north-east England on the 8th, and in south-east England late on the 9th.

2006/07:A largely snowless winter, with persistent westerly winds, but with one northerly outbreak per month in January, February and March. Snow in south-west Scotland on 17/18 November, mainly high ground, from the winter's only polar maritime westerly snow event. Heavy temporary snow over Scotland on 18 January, and this cold air spread south with a frontal snow event, especially affecting southern Britain, on the 23rd/24th. Into February, there was a northerly blast on the 5th-7th with snow showers in the northeast, then the 8th and 9th had significant frontal snow over much of the country. Parts of central southern England had their first significant snow events since February 1996. There was then no more snow until 18-20 March, when a northerly blast brought sunshine and snow showers, with Scotland and the northeast quite heavily affected on the 20th.

2007/08:Another mild, largely snowless winter, but followed by some noteworthy wintry spells in early to mid spring. There were localised snow events from short-lived Arctic incursions in November, one in the Midlands on the 18th and another minor snow event in north-eastern areas on the 23rd. After a snowless December (the second in a row), a brief easterly blast brought snow showers and local thunder to eastern Scotland, NE England and Northern Ireland on the 3rd January, but mild air returned on the 4th. The rest of January was mostly mild with south-westerly winds, but further localised snow events occurred during the first half, mainly on high ground in the north. February was remarkable for its sunshine over much of England and Wales, but the only snow event of note occurred on the 1st/2nd, with high ground in northern England, plus parts of Scotland and Norfolk, briefly affected.

Spring 2008 contained somewhat more wintry weather, with a brief NW'ly on the 3rd which brought snow showers to western areas, and lying snow to western Scotland. Cold northerly winds persisted throughout the Easter weekend with frequent, albeit generally slight, snowfalls, with northeast Scotland and East Anglia most heavily hit. For many parts, though, the most significant snow event of the "winter" occurred on 6-7 April, with widespread heavy snowfalls and accumulations, and maxima of just 2 or 3C in some places.

2008/9 The Winter of 2008/9 bought a mixed bag but overall was cooler than average with some notably cold spells. December started on the cold side before becoming milder after mid-month but between Christmas and New Year the cold returned with a vengeance on a biting easterly wind.

The cold continued into January too before gradually petering out during the second week with the remainder of the month twoing and froing between cooler and milder spells of weather. The cold start meant that it was the coldest January since 2005 in England and Wales.

February started with more cold weather and some significant falls of snow, but the cold slowly eased through the month to leave temperatures close to average overall. The winter as a whole was colder than average though and turned out to be the coldest winter since 1995/96.

2009/10December 2009 started on a mild note but it wasn't to last and from mid-month temperatures dipped with some widespread falls of snow. The cold continued right through Christmas and toward new year, which meant it was another cold December with temperatures widely 2-3c below average.

More cold and snowy weather greeted us in the new year and this continued through much of the first half of January before milder air returned for a while, although the cold did make a return by the end of the month.

The cold theme then carried through into February and although it was often cold and frosty initially,later in the month bought some major falls of snow - especially in Scotland.

Overall the winter was around 2c colder than average making it the coldest winter since 1978/9. It's also worth noting that northern Scotland saw it's coldest winter on record!

2010/11December 2010 will go down as an infamous winter month in the UK (perhaps it should be added to our famous winters run down?). Temperatures were around 5c below average which made it the coldest December in over 100 years, and there was significant and widespread snowfall to go with the cold. A good deal of the country had snow on the ground right up to and beyond Christmas.

January saw the transition to milder weather gain pace though although the northern half of the country did see some more wintry weather. The change was all relative though, as although it was considerably milder than December - it did still turn out to be colder than normal for much of the country.

February was a mild month though, with some wet and windy weather at times as Atlantic systems regularly moved in across the UK, and it was this which will stop the Winter of 2010/11 going down as a famous winter overall - in fact despite the incredibly cold December, overall it was milder than 2009/10.

23 February 1941 - History

President Obama delivers his last State of the Union Address to Congress and the nation. January 12, 2016.

Below is an actual historical (silent) video of one of the Selma to Montgomery marches.

Dr. Daniel Hale Williams c. 1900
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Brigadier General Benjamin O. Davis watches a Signal Corps crew erecting poles, somewhere in France.

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Ida B. Wells-Barnett

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Both The Bolshevik Revolution and the subsequent society created by the Bolshevik

Bolshevik was not communist due to the Laws that were changed, and the way that the country changed. Because the of War Communism, people became pushed aside again. Grain requisitioning, this is when the Bolshevik were sending units of the Red guard into the country side to find grain for the hard-pressed cities. The banning of private, All private trade were banned, but the state trading was very chaotic and was not producing enough products, so the black market started in

Pinching the codes

By then the greatest threat to the Allied war effort came from attacks on their ship convoys in the North Atlantic. As a result, Bletchley's resources were concentrated on breaking Enigma codes used by German U-boats in this sphere of war. If the Allies could find out in advance where U-boats were hunting, they could direct their ships, carrying crucial supplies from North America, away from these danger zones.

So began one of the most exciting periods of Enigma code-breaking. Even in 1940 Bletchley had had some success in breaking Enigma keys used by the German navy.

It soon became clear that the best way of keeping up with rapid changes in ciphers and related technology was to capture Enigma machines and code-books on board German vessels.

In the Admiralty, where the Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC) was a leading user of Ultra, Commander Ian Fleming, Personal Assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence, showed his talent for fantastical plots when he suggested a plan (known as Operation Ruthless) to crash-land a captured German plane in the English channel, and to overpower the patrol boat that came to rescue its supposed survivors, thereby gaining access to Enigma materials. The plan was never implemented.

. the German trawler Krebs was captured off Norway, complete with two Enigma machines .

A break-through came in March 1941, however, when the German trawler Krebs was captured off Norway, complete with two Enigma machines and the Naval Enigma settings list for the previous month. This allowed German Naval Enigma to be read, albeit with some delay, in April, by codebreakers at Bletchley.

Around this time, Harry Hinsley, a Bletchley codebreaker, suggested that German weather and supply ships, as well as war ships, probably carried Naval Enigma details. This idea was proved correct when, in May 1941, the German weather ship München was attacked and found with Enigma code-books for June on board.

The capture of the supply ship Gedania and weather ship Lauenburg in June yielded codebooks for the following month, and opened the way to the reading of Naval Enigma almost concurrently with events.

The ambush of three German U-boats off Cape Verde in September, however, coupled with a dramatic fall in the number of Allied ships sunk in the North Atlantic, led the German Admiral Karl Dönitz to question if the navy's cipher had been compromised.

Although he was dissuaded by his experts, the Germans redoubled their efforts to tighten Enigma's security, and the Bletchley Park codebreakers, realising what they were up against, wrote to British Prime Minster Winston Churchill complaining that they were not being given enough resources. Churchill replied with a famous 'Action This Day' memorandum: 'Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this had been done'.

U.S.-Soviet Alliance, 1941–1945

Although relations between the Soviet Union and the United States had been strained in the years before World War II, the U.S.-Soviet alliance of 1941–1945 was marked by a great degree of cooperation and was essential to securing the defeat of Nazi Germany. Without the remarkable efforts of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, the United States and Great Britain would have been hard pressed to score a decisive military victory over Nazi Germany.

As late as 1939, it seemed highly improbable that the United States and the Soviet Union would forge an alliance. U.S.-Soviet relations had soured significantly following Stalin’s decision to sign a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in August of 1939. The Soviet occupation of eastern Poland in September and the “Winter War” against Finland in December led President Franklin Roosevelt to condemn the Soviet Union publicly as a “dictatorship as absolute as any other dictatorship in the world,” and to impose a “moral embargo” on the export of certain products to the Soviets. Nevertheless, in spite of intense pressure to sever relations with the Soviet Union, Roosevelt never lost sight of the fact that Nazi Germany, not the Soviet Union, posed the greatest threat to world peace. In order to defeat that threat, Roosevelt confided that he “would hold hands with the devil” if necessary.

Following the Nazi defeat of France in June of 1940, Roosevelt grew wary of the increasing aggression of the Germans and made some diplomatic moves to improve relations with the Soviets. Beginning in July of 1940, a series of negotiations took place in Washington between Under-Secretary of State Sumner Welles and Soviet Ambassador Constantine Oumansky. Welles refused to accede to Soviet demands that the United States recognize the changed borders of the Soviet Union after the Soviet seizure of territory in Finland, Poland, and Romania and the reincorporation of the Baltic Republics in August 1940, but the U.S. Government did lift the embargo in January 1941. Furthermore, in March of 1941, Welles warned Oumansky of a future Nazi attack against the Soviet Union. Finally, during the Congressional debate concerning the passage of the Lend-Lease bill in early 1941, Roosevelt blocked attempts to exclude the Soviet Union from receiving U.S. assistance.

The most important factor in swaying the Soviets eventually to enter into an alliance with the United States was the Nazi decision to launch its invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. President Roosevelt responded by dispatching his trusted aide Harry Lloyd Hopkins to Moscow in order to assess the Soviet military situation. Although the War Department had warned the President that the Soviets would not last more than six weeks, after two one-on-one meetings with Soviet Premier Josef Stalin , Hopkins urged Roosevelt to assist the Soviets. By the end of October, the first Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union was on its way. The United States entered the war as a belligerent in late 1941 and thus began coordinating directly with the Soviets, and the British, as allies.

Several issues arose during the war that threatened the alliance. These included the Soviet refusal to aide the Polish Home Army during the Warsaw Uprising of August 1944, and the decision of British and U.S. officials to exclude the Soviets from secret negotiations with German officers in March of 1945 in an effort to secure the surrender of German troops in Italy. The most important disagreement, however, was over the opening of a second front in the West. Stalin’s troops struggled to hold the Eastern front against the Nazi forces, and the Soviets began pleading for a British invasion of France immediately after the Nazi invasion in 1941. In 1942, Roosevelt unwisely promised the Soviets that the Allies would open the second front that autumn. Although Stalin only grumbled when the invasion was postponed until 1943, he exploded the following year when the invasion was postponed again until May of 1944. In retaliation, Stalin recalled his ambassadors from London and Washington and fears soon arose that the Soviets might seek a separate peace with Germany.

In spite of these differences, the defeat of Nazi Germany was a joint endeavor that could not have been accomplished without close cooperation and shared sacrifices. Militarily, the Soviets fought valiantly and suffered staggering casualties on the Eastern Front. When Great Britain and the United States finally invaded northern France in 1944, the Allies were finally able to drain Nazi Germany of its strength on two fronts. Finally, two devastating atomic bomb attacks against Japan by the United States, coupled with the Soviets’ decision to break their neutrality pact with Japan by invading Manchuria, finally led to the end of the war in the Pacific.

The Yalta Conference, 1945

The Yalta Conference took place in a Russian resort town in the Crimea from February 4–11, 1945, during World War Two. At Yalta, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin made important decisions regarding the future progress of the war and the postwar world.

The Allied leaders came to Yalta knowing that an Allied victory in Europe was practically inevitable but less convinced that the Pacific war was nearing an end. Recognizing that a victory over Japan might require a protracted fight, the United States and Great Britain saw a major strategic advantage to Soviet participation in the Pacific theater. At Yalta, Roosevelt and Churchill discussed with Stalin the conditions under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan and all three agreed that, in exchange for potentially crucial Soviet participation in the Pacific theater, the Soviets would be granted a sphere of influence in Manchuria following Japan’s surrender. This included the southern portion of Sakhalin, a lease at Port Arthur (now Lüshunkou), a share in the operation of the Manchurian railroads, and the Kurile Islands. This agreement was the major concrete accomplishment of the Yalta Conference.

The Allied leaders also discussed the future of Germany, Eastern Europe and the United Nations. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed not only to include France in the postwar governing of Germany, but also that Germany should assume some, but not all, responsibility for reparations following the war. The Americans and the British generally agreed that future governments of the Eastern European nations bordering the Soviet Union should be “friendly” to the Soviet regime while the Soviets pledged to allow free elections in all territories liberated from Nazi Germany. Negotiators also released a declaration on Poland, providing for the inclusion of Communists in the postwar national government. In discussions regarding the future of the United Nations, all parties agreed to an American plan concerning voting procedures in the Security Council, which had been expanded to five permanent members following the inclusion of France. Each of these permanent members was to hold a veto on decisions before the Security Council.

Improvements and fixes in the update

The following update will be delivered as multiple updates when you view your update history:

System Firmware Update – 2/24/2016

Intel Corporation driver update for Intel® HD Graphics Family

Noter: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update then please manually check Windows Update later.

Surface Pro System Aggregator Firmware update (v2.4.450.0) eliminates instances where the device wakes randomly.

Surface Cover Audio driver update (v2.0.306.0) improves system stability when detaching the cover.

Microsoft Surface ACPI-Compliant Control Method Battery driver update (v1.2.0.2) ensures correct surface driver is installed.

Intel® HD Graphics Family driver update (v20.19.15.4331) improves color calibration and system stability.

Intel® Display Audio driver update (v6.16.00.3189) supports compatibility with the updated HD Graphics Family driver.

The following update will be listed as “Intel Corporation driver update for Intel(R) HD Graphics Family” when you view your update history.

Noter: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.

HD Graphics Family driver update (v10.18.15.4256) improves graphics performance and stability on Windows 10.

The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 7/23/2015” or “System Hardware Update – 7/23/2015” when you view your update history.

Noter: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.

HD Graphics Family driver update (v10.18.15.4248) improves graphics performance and stability on Windows 10.

Surface Integration driver update (v2.0.304.0) resolves the issue where Surface would wake from sleep by itself.

The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 5/19/2015” when you view your update history.

Noter: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.

Surface Pro UEFI update (v2.5.250.0) includes changes needed for compatibility with the updated graphics driver.

HD Graphics Family driver update (v10.18.14.4170) improves graphic performance and includes better Miracast (wireless display) support.

Display Audio driver update (v6.16.00.3172) improves audio experience and supports compatibility with the updated graphics driver.

The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 1/15/2015” when you view your update history.

Noter: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.

Surface Pro UEFI update (v2.05.0150) improves the PXE boot experience with the 1 gigabit Surface Ethernet Adapter and further enhances the system security.

HD Graphics Family driver update (v10.18.14.4029) enhances display stability and performance, improves user experience when using Miracast adapters, and improves compatibility with DisplayPort monitors and daisy chaining.

The following updates will be listed as “System Hardware Update – 7/8/2014” in the Windows Update History.

Noter: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.

Wireless Network Controller (v14.69.24054.176) enables functionality on wireless networks using hidden SSIDs.

The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 6/10/2014” when you view your update history.

Surface Pro UEFI (v2.4.950.0) and Surface Pro Embedded Controller Firmware (v24.1.50.0) updates enhance system stability with microSD products, improve compatibility with Power Cover, and increase the reliability of sleep state transitions. Surface Pro UEFI update also provides support for PXE boot with the new Surface Ethernet Adapter.

Surface Pro System Aggregator Firmware (v2.4.350.0) update improves sleep state transitions when a Surface Cover is attached.

Surface Accessory Device (v2.0.287.0) update improves sleep state transitions when a Surface Cover is attached.

Surface Power Cover Firmware Update (v2.0.288.0) improves reliability when the Power Cover is attached to Surface and folded behind Surface.

HD Graphics Family (v10.18.10.3496) update improves Miracast wireless display experience and enhances display stability.

The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 3/11/2014” when you view your update history.

Surface Pro UEFI (v2.04.0450) improves

experience when using BitLocker so that a Surface Cover can provide PIN input.

Surface Touch Cover 2 Firmware Update Device (v2.0.262.0) update improves multiple finger support on the touchpad.

Surface Type Cover 2 Firmware Update Device (v2.0.262.0) update improves multiple finger support on the touchpad.

Surface Power Cover Firmware Update Device (v2.0.268.0) provides support for Surface Power Cover.

Surface Cover Telemetry (v2.0.229.0) improves stability and experience for Surface Covers.

Marvell AVASTAR 350N Wireless Network Controller (v14.69.24052.168) resolves wireless network connectivity issues.

Marvell AVASTAR Wireless Composite Device (v14.69.24052.168) improves Miracast support.

Marvell AVASTAR Bluetooth ® Radio Adapter (v14.69.24052.168) updated as part of a driver package that includes the Marvell Wireless Network Controller and Marvell Wireless Composite Device. There are no Bluetooth updates in this version of the driver.

Intel(R) Display Audio (v6.16.00.3135) improves Miracast support.

Intel(R) HD Graphics Family (v10.18.10.3431) improves Miracast support and enables daisy chaining of monitors using DisplayPort 1.2.

Intel WiDi Audio Device (v4.5.44.0) improves Miracast support.

Surface Display Panel (v1.0.2.0) provides tuning to the Surface display calibration.

Surface Pro Embedded Controller Firmware (v24.00.50)

Resolves issue where Surface would not go into hibernation.

Resolves issue where available battery percentage was reported incorrectly.

Surface Pro System Aggregator Firmware (v2.04.0150)

Resolves issue where Surface would reset upon repeated attaching and detaching of Surface Cover.

Resolves issue where On Screen Keyboard would unexpectedly pop up even though Surface Cover is attached.

Resolves issue where Surface Cover is not detected after wake up from sleep.

Surface Touch Cover 2 Firmware Update Device (v2.0.228.0) update improves two-finger touchpad use.

Surface Type Cover 2 Firmware Update Device (v2.0.226.0) update improves two-finger touchpad use.

Updated UEFI firmware, version 2.04.0350, to resolve behavior where the Surface failed to enter sleep while idle, reducing battery life.

Performance optimization for Touch Cover 2 and Type Cover 2.

Battery life improvements.

System performance and stability improvements.

Wi-Fi network performance improvements.